Products Liability and the Internet of (Insecure) Things: Should Manufacturers Be Liable for Damage Caused by Hacked Devices?

While the application of products liability to insecure software is a frequently-discussed concept in academic literature, many commentators have been skeptical of the viability of such claims for several reasons. First, the economic loss doctrine bars recovery for productivity loss, business disruption, and other common damages caused by software defects. Second, the application of design defects principles to software is difficult given the complexity of the devices and recent tort reform trends that have limited liability. Third, the intervening cause of damage from insecure software is typically a criminal or tortious act by a third party, so principles of causation might limit liability for manufacturers

Influence of application technology on foliar fungicide efficacy on \u3ci\u3eCercospora sojina\u3c/i\u3e infected soybean

Due to the constant concern with off-target contamination and application technology requirements associated with future herbicide-tolerant crops, the use of drift-reduction nozzle technology (DRT) may increase. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of coarse droplets generated by drift-reduction nozzles on foliar fungicide efficacy and residual in soybean infected by frogeye leaf spot caused by Cercospora sojina. No differences in disease control, soybean yield, spray retention, and residual when applying Quadris Top SB, a premix of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole, using nozzles that produce either a medium or ultra coarse droplet spectrum were determined. Due to the challenge of timing fungicide applications targeting frogeye leaf spot infections, growers often make applications preventatively, prior to visual infection. Therefore, the second objective was to determine the EC50 of C. sojina isolates collected from trial locations to further investigate the residual control window of azoxystrobin. The effective concentration in which 50% of mycelial growth of resistant isolates tested were inhibited was determined to be 7.44638 μg mL-1, while the concentration for sensitive isolates was found to be 0.04789 μg mL-1. The third objective was to determine the effect of droplet size on plant coverage and canopy penetration when making fungicide applications in a commercial setting with increased potential for offtarget movement. These studies showed no differences between nozzles producing either medium or ultra coarse droplet spectra when considering frogeye leaf spot control or soybean yield with an application of Quadris Top SB. Coverage analyses determined that applications made with ground self-propelled sprayers deposited 43% more solution in the upper canopy than the lower canopy, but was not effected by droplet spectra. These results indicate that DRT nozzle technology will not have a negative impact on frogeye leaf spot disease control or soybean yield when applying Quadris Top SB. Further studies should be conducted to determine the impact of DRT on other diseases of soybean or alternate crops

Anomalous Bias Dependence of Spin Torque in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

We predict an anomalous bias dependence of the spin transfer torque parallel to interface, $T_{||}$, in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ), which can be selectively tuned by the exchange splitting. It may exhibit a sign reversal {\it without} a corresponding sign reversal of the bias or even a quadratic bias dependence. We demonstrate that the underlying mechanism is the interplay of spin currents for the ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) configurations, which vary linearly (quadratically) with bias, respectively, due to the symmetric (asymmetric) nature of the barrier. The spin transfer torque perpendicular to interface exhibits a quadratic bias dependence.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

The Descendants of Hurao: An Exploratory Study of Chamoru Rights Groups

The psychological literature conducted in Guam on indigenous practices of resistance to colonialism is nonexistent. This dissertation responds to this absence in the literature by conducting an exploratory hermeneutic study on the lived experience of members of Chamoru rights groups in Guam. Data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight members of Chamoru rights groups. Results indicated that engagement in a Chamoru rights group can be a deeply meaningful experience that involves education, activism, and being part of a supportive community. This community was felt to be healing, allowing for active engagement with community issues and against harms perpetuated by colonialism. Further, culture was found to play an important part in the expression of social practices in Chamoru rights groups. Discussion centered on psychological clinical applications of findings such as the importance of history and community in the Chamoru contextual-interpersonal self described by participants. This configuration of the self suggests that psychological treatment should respect the historical experiences of the people of Guam as well as the importance of community. It also suggests that clinicians should be wary of a token approach to the application of culturally sensitive psychological treatment in Guam. Limitations for this study included the low number of participants, majority of participants identifying as male, and majority of participants having obtained a graduate degree. It is likely that individuals from different contexts would have alternative perspectives about their involvement in Chamoru rights groups. These limitations suggest that future research could be conducted in this topic with a more diverse population to allow for a broader range of perspectives

(η5-Cyclopentadienyl)(2-naphthylethynyl)(triphenylphosphine-κP)nickel(II)

The title compound, [Ni(C₅H₅)(C₁₂H₇)(C₁₈H₁₅P)], does not contain strong hydrogen-bond donors or acceptors and the primary interactions are limited to those of the weak C-H...π(arene) type and mainly involving the arene rings

TGfU and its governance: from conception to special interest group

Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) has emerged over the past thirty years as one of the leading instructional models for sports coaches and physical education teachers. From its initial beginning as a set of theoretical and practical initiatives on how to teach games, TGfU has evolved to become one of the most readily identifiable pedagogical movements within the sports and physical education field. In this paper we aim to document and study this development in a way that acknowledges the complexity and collectivity involved. At one level, it is easy to see that there is a broad mix of people who value this model and want to work in a collaborative way to promote, research and advance it. At another level, however, the problem becomes one of resisting the urge to simply tell the history without acknowledging the methodological issues involved. As historians would remind us, it is important that we never take history as fixed and linear. Instead, we must interrogate the popular construction of history and seek alternative perspectives in order to escape the confines of biography and experience. By reflecting on the dominant narratives, as well as a few counter narratives, we have a means to engage with and understand how key pedagogical initiatives, like TGfU, are supported and sustained in educational contexts.El modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) se ha convertido en los últimos treinta años en uno de los modelos de instrucción más relevantes para entrenadores deportivos y profesores de Educación Física. Desde su comienzo como un conjunto de iniciativas teóricas y prácticas sobre cómo enseñar juegos deportivos, el modelo TGFU ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en uno de los movimientos pedagógicos más fácilmente identificables dentro del deporte y la Educación Física. En este artículo pretendemos documentar y estudiar este desarrollo en una forma que contemple la complejidad y la colectividad involucrada. A cierto nivel, es fácil ver que hay una amplia mezcla de gente que valora este modelo y desea trabajar de forma colaborativa para su promoción, investigación y desarrollo. En otro nivel, sin embargo, el problema reside en evitar la tentación de simplemente contar la historia sin reconocer los aspectos metodológicos implicados. Como los historiadores nos recordarían, es importante que nunca interpretemos la historia como fija y lineal. En cambio, debemos cuestionar la construcción popular de la historia y buscar perspectivas alternativas para escapar de los límites de la biografía y la experiencia. Al reflexionar sobre las narrativas dominantes, también sobre unas pocas narrativas particulares, tenemos la intención de abordar y comprender cómo iniciativas pedagógicas, como el TGFU, son apoyadas y mantenidas en contextos educativos

Deep Space Missions for Small Satellites

Small satellites, with masses well under 100 kg, can perform useful deep space science missions for costs similar to those of low earth orbit and geosynchronous smallsats. Space Explorations has identified several interesting missions for smallsats, with the objective of developing turnkey space-science packages which would have a cost to the customer of $10,000,000 and be operable by one or a few people. We have analyzed one mission, a Lunar Polar Photographic Orbiter, in great detail over the last year. We conclude that it is commercially and scientifically feasible to produce a small lunar satellite which is capable of doing extensive, high-resolution photography of the moon. The LPPO would photograph those portions of the moon which have never been observed, at resolutions of 30 m, and it would remap the entire far southern quadrant of the moon at 100 times the resolution of existing maps